DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION
(Definition of
Word Group of Word Phrase, Word Group, Idiom and Proverbs)
Lecturer:
Rd. Bunga Febriani., S, S., M, Hum.
Presented by:
Arni Sariningsih 2109110039 3G
English Education Program
Teacher Training and Education Science Faculty of
Galuh University
Jln. R.E. Martadinata No. 150 Tlf/Fax (0265) 776787
Ciamis 46521
2014
INTRODUCTION
And Praise God we pray to Allah SWT, because thanks to His
grace and guidance we can finish this paper on time. The paper is titled
"Translation". The paper is structured to meet one task subjects
Translation.
Translation is the process of transferring information from
a source language into the target language. Activity involves translating
complex systems to produce results that grammatical translation, natural and in
accordance with the original information. Therefore, some difficulties may be
encountered a translator in the translation process. However, every difficulty
there must be a solution. To that end, this paper presents a translation and
explanation of some of the issues related to translation as a knowledge base
for understanding the translation.
We are fully aware that during the writing of this paper we received a lot of support from various parties. Therefore we would like to thank:
We are fully aware that during the writing of this paper we received a lot of support from various parties. Therefore we would like to thank:
1.
Rd.
Bunga Febriani., S, S, M, Hum, as a lecturer in Translation who have helped us
during the preparation of this paper;
2.
All
those who have helped the preparation of this paper. This paper is not a paper
that is perfect because it has many shortcomings, both in terms of content as
well as systematic and technical writing.
Therefore, we welcome any suggestions and constructive
criticism for the perfection of this paper. Any shortcomings and errors are
coming from the author himself personally, and all the absolute truth comes
from God Almighty. Finally, I hope this paper can provide benefits to authors
and readers.
Ciamis, 25
March 2014
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ………………………………………………………….
1.2 Problem of formulation ………………………………………………
1.3 Objectives ……………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Translation……………………………………………….
2.2 Group of words…………………………………………………………..
1.1 Background ………………………………………………………….
1.2 Problem of formulation ………………………………………………
1.3 Objectives ……………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Translation……………………………………………….
2.2 Group of words…………………………………………………………..
2.2.1
Definition
of phrase……………………………………………
2.2.1.1 Principal
types of phrases…………………………………
2.2.2
Definition
of word group…………………
2.2.3
Definition
of idiom……………………………
2.2.3.1
Types of idiom…………………………
2.2.4
Definition
of proverb……………………….
CHAPTER III CONCLUTION AND
SUGGESTION
3.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………….
3.2
Suggestion……………………………………………………………..
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………….
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The translation is very important in today's global life. We
can relate to the outside world with the translation from the source language
into the target language. Different people with our language, it will be helped
by the translation. In addition, a variety of knowledge from different corners
of the world can we know with the translation. The translation is very
important in all areas of life.
As we know, the language and the translation involves a fairly complex linguistic systems that must evolve and differ from one language to another language. Because not all translators know the system prevailing in the source language, it certainly makes its own difficulties for a translator to translate.
As we know, the language and the translation involves a fairly complex linguistic systems that must evolve and differ from one language to another language. Because not all translators know the system prevailing in the source language, it certainly makes its own difficulties for a translator to translate.
In addition, the interpreter will face the problem again
where the language is also evolving and it led to the emergence of words,
phrases, idioms or new linguistic system in a language that may not be known to
the translator. It is clear that the complexity and development of the language
system poses a problem of translation. However, there will not case and trouble
if there is no alternative solution. To overcome the difficulties mentioned
above, we must first understand the science of translation. After that when we
will translate the information or text from a source language into the target
language, we have to know and learn the language system prevailing in the
source language as appropriate. Then, as a translator, we were required to keep
track of a particular source language. That way, at least the difficulties and
problems of translation would be slightly reduced. As mentioned earlier, the
translation is important in any aspect of life was. However, sometimes
translator is difficulties due to the complexity of the system of a language.
Thus, a translator also needs to understand very well about it. If a translator
has to have a good understanding in dealing with a problem of translation, the
translation process will be easier.
1.2 Problem of formulation
Based on the background of the above problems, the authors
formulate the problems as follows:
1.
What is the definition of translation?
2.
What is definition of group of word phrases, word groups, idioms and Proverbs?
1.3 Objective
In line with the above formulation of the problem, the paper
is organized with the aim to identify and describe:
1.
Definition
of translation;
2.
Definition
of group of word phrases, word groups,
idioms and Proverbs
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Translation
There are some definitions of translation. Nida states that
translation consist of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style. Newmark in Rudi Hartono states that translation is
rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the
author intended the text.
Newmark (1981: 7) defines translation as “a craft
consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one
language by the same message and/or statement in another language”.
From the
definition above the translation has the same term “equivalence”. The meaning,
context, though, or message of both source of reproducing in the receptor
language, the closest natural are equivalent to the message of source language.
The first is meaning and secondly is style. The message of source language must
equivalent. The reader of translation who knows the target language only will
be confused if the target language is influenced by the source language.
Meanwhile the result of translation must be transferring the
meaning of the source language clearly. In order to make the clear meaning of
source language, it is expected that the meaning of target language can be
understood by the readers. So, the result of translation must be readable. In
target language, readability is needed, because it makes the readers easier to
catch the content of the translation text, conversely when the translation text
is not readable. It will make the readers difficult to understand the content
of the text well.
Based on many definitions above, the writer assumes that the
translation is a process of transferring thoughts and message from the source
language to the target language, in the form of written or spoken.
Translation is a activity change information from the source
language into the target language.
a. Simatupang (2000:2) says that
translation is a shift of meaning contained in the source language into the
target language and make it happen again in the target language with forms as
natural as possible in accordance with the applicable rules.
b. Wills (1982:112) says that translation is a
procedure that is performed to guide the realization of the transfer of the
source language text is written to the target language text.
c. Bassnett (1991:2) says that what is
generally understood as a process of translation involves referral source
language text (SL = Source Language) into the target language.
d. Larson (1984:3) say that the
translation includes translating the source language into the language of the
recipient, which begins the first language of form towards the form of a second
language using semantic language structure. In this case meaning are
transferred and must be adhered to. Only the shape is changed.
e. Newmark (1982:7) states that
translation is a skill that consists of efforts to change the message and or a
written statement from one language to the message and or similar statements in
other languages.
f. Malinowski (1956:11-2) cited by
(1999:1) says that translation should always be a re-creation of the original
source into something different in depth. In other words, the translation is
not an activity to replace or substitute word for word, but a translation of
the entire context. Malinowski (1956:11-2) cited by (1999:1) says that
translation should always be a re-creation of the original source into
something different in depth. In other words, the translation is not an
activity to replace or substitute word for word, but a translation of the
entire context.
g. The New International Dictionary
Webster's (2002:1428) gives a definition that means preparing translate into
another language; uncover in other terms; explain is by using other words.
h. Catford (1965:20) says that can be
is defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language
(source language) to another language textual material (target language)
equivalent.
i.
Baker
(1992:5-6) says that equivalensi adopted for the sake of convenience - because
most translators are familiar with it and not because it has the theoretical status.
Equivalensi used with the proviso, that although it is always obtained at a
certain level, it can be influenced by a variety of linguistic and cultural
factors, and therefore always relative.
j.
Steiner (1994:103) says that translation can
be seen as a (co) generation of text which is pedestrianized special
restrictions, the relative stability of situational factors, registers and
changes in the classical languages as well (context) culture.
k. Meanwhile, Beekman and Callow (1974:
19) says the translation is to communicate a message from one language into a
different language.
From all the above definitions we can conclude that the translation is the process of moving information from one language as stated in the source language into another language known as the target language, with no change in the authenticity of the information from the source language.
From all the above definitions we can conclude that the translation is the process of moving information from one language as stated in the source language into another language known as the target language, with no change in the authenticity of the information from the source language.
l.
In 1992, Mona Baker believed that it is
necessary for translator to have knowledge about semantics and lexical sets and
the value of the words in source language. She mentioned that a translator can
develop strategies for dealing with non-equivalence semantic field. These
strategies are arranged hierarchically from general (superordinate) to specific
(hyponym).
2.2 Group of words: Phrase, word group,
idiom and proverb
2.2.1. Definition of phrase
Phrase: a short group of words which are
often used together or a sequence of two or more words arranged in a
grammatical construction and acting as a conceptual/single unit in a sentence
as the highlighted expression in the following sentences: We are governed by an
'elective dictatorship'.(Used as noun/object of pre-by). The
house at the end of the street belongs to a famous player. (Used as noun
and subject of the sentence).
A phrase is a semantically meaningful sequence of
words. A phrase is not typically a complete sentence. I consider a phrase to be
more like a grammatical construct e.g. needless to say, causing permanent
bodily harm, way of the world. A small group of related words
within a sentence
or clause.
Adjective: phrasal.
A phrase functions as a part of speech and includes a head (or headword), which
determines the nature of the unit.
2.2.1.1 Principal
types of phrase, there are:
1.
Absolute Phrase
"Still he came on, shoulders hunched, face twisted, wringing his hands, looking more like an old woman at a wake than an infantry combat soldier."
(James Jones, The Thin Red Line)
"Still he came on, shoulders hunched, face twisted, wringing his hands, looking more like an old woman at a wake than an infantry combat soldier."
(James Jones, The Thin Red Line)
2.
Adjective Phrase
"It is always the best policy to speak the truth--unless, of course, you are an exceptionally good liar."
(Jerome K. Jerome)
"It is always the best policy to speak the truth--unless, of course, you are an exceptionally good liar."
(Jerome K. Jerome)
3.
Adverb Phrase
"Movements born in hatred very quickly take on the characteristics of the thing they oppose."
(J. S. Habgood)
"Movements born in hatred very quickly take on the characteristics of the thing they oppose."
(J. S. Habgood)
4.
Gerund Phrase
"Failing the exam was a major disappointment to him, to me and to Eva."
(Judith Hubback, From Dawn to Dusk).
"Failing the exam was a major disappointment to him, to me and to Eva."
(Judith Hubback, From Dawn to Dusk).
“To laugh is to live
profoundly.”
(Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting).
(Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting).
7.
Participial Phrase
"He moved ahead more quickly now, dragging his heels a little in the fine dust."
(John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath)
"He moved ahead more quickly now, dragging his heels a little in the fine dust."
(John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath)
8.
Prepositional Phrase
"I could dance with you until the cows come home. On second thought I'd rather dance with the cows until you come home."
(Groucho Marx)
"I could dance with you until the cows come home. On second thought I'd rather dance with the cows until you come home."
(Groucho Marx)
9.
Verb Phrase
"Your father may be going away for a little while."
(Ellen Griswold in Vacation, 1983)
"Your father may be going away for a little while."
(Ellen Griswold in Vacation, 1983)
A phrase is only potentially complex. In other words, the
term is also used to refer to 'one-word phrases,' i.e. non-prototypical phrases
that consist of a head only. Thus the sentence Jill smokes is a
combination of a noun phrase and a verb phrase." (Renaat Declerck, Susan
Reed, and Bert Cappelle, The Grammar of the English Tense System: A
Comprehensive Analysis. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006)
2.2.2 Definition
of word group
A
group
of words, usually containing
a verb,
which expresses
a thought
in the form
of a statement,
question,
instruction,
or exclamation
and starts
with a capital
letter
when written:
He's very impatient and always interrupts me mid-sentence. Your conclusion is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated.
2.2.3 Definition of Idiom
Idiom is more subtle. It can be informal or merely non-literal,
and either a phrase or a complete sentence. Here are two examples of idioms
that are also phrases:
- brick and mortar (a traditional business, in contrast to e-commerce)
- town and gown (when a school or university is in close proximity with a surrounding community, this is a way of distinguishing between academicians or students versus local residents who are not affiliated with the school)
Here's the subtle part: It requires an idiomatic
understanding of language to use these non-obvious forms of speech correctly.
Idioms resemble metaphors, but are more general.
Here's my take. You wrote here idiomatic phrases and
expressions (ex. needless to say is not “random”), which do not
necessarily equal idioms but they have an idiomatic, common usage touch.
These are also called phrasal idioms, idiomatic/common expressions, set phrase,
etc. And they have subtle meanings, given by you, which however can be obscured
in common language.
In addition to that, phrase and expression have additional
strictly grammatical meanings. So that a phrase consists of typical two or more
words (what Kate Gregory mentions). A phrase can be a sentence but usually is
not. An expression is the more general case and can be a word.
Idiom: group of words in a fixed order
forming an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings
of its constituent elements/words, as to "have bitten off more than you
can chew" is an idiom that means you have tried to do something which
is too difficult for you. You have added fuel to the fire. It means you
say/do something that makes a difficult situation worse.
The Translation of idioms:
difficulties
An idiom or a
fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language. One language
may express a given meaning: word, a transparent fixed expression, an idiom,
etc.
Idioms and fixed
expressions may be culture-specific
Say when
Yours faithfully
To carry coals to Newcastle
2.2.3.1 Types of idiom
According
to Fernando (1996: 35), idioms can be grouped into three sub-classes: pure
idioms, semi-idioms and literal idioms. A pure idiom is a
type of "conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression" whose
meaning cannot be understood by adding up the meanings of the words that make
up the phrase. For example the expression 'spill the beans' is a pure idiom,
because its real meaning has nothing to do with beans. A semi-idiom, on the
other hand, has at least one literal element and one with a non-literal
meaning. 'Foot the bill' (i.e. 'pay') is one example of a semi idiom, in which
'foot' is the non-literal element, whereas the word 'bill' is used literally.
Finally, literal idioms, such as 'on foot' or 'on the contrary' are semantically
less complex than the other two, and therefore easier to understand even if one
is not familiar with these expressions.
2.2.3 Definition
of proverbs
A proverb
(from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying, popularly
known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or the
practical experience of humanity. They are often metaphorical.
A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim.
Proverbs are
often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to
the present through more than one language. Both the Bible (including, but not
limited to the Book of Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the
work of Erasmus)
have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe. Mieder
has concluded that cultures that treat the Bible as their "major spiritual
book contain between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the
Bible." However, almost every culture has examples of its own unique
proverbs.
Proverb:
a short sentence, etc., usually known by many people, stating something
commonly experienced or giving advice or a short popular saying, usually of
ancient origin, that expresses effectively some commonplace truth or useful
thought; .
Slow and steady wins the race"
A bad cause requires many words.
A broken hand works, but not a
broken heart
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
3.1 Conclusions
Based on the explanation in the previous chapter, we can
conclude that the translation is the process of transferring information from a
source language into a target language, with due regard to the prevailing
system in the source language.
The translation itself is divided into several types based on certain specifications as mentioned previously. Due to the complexity of the translation process enough so that the translator may face various difficulties. In this case the translation techniques are useful to overcome the difficulties that may be encountered when translation takes place.
The translation itself is divided into several types based on certain specifications as mentioned previously. Due to the complexity of the translation process enough so that the translator may face various difficulties. In this case the translation techniques are useful to overcome the difficulties that may be encountered when translation takes place.
3.2
Suggestion
The translation is essential for today's global life. However,
the translation process is often faced several difficulties. For that, we need
to deepen our knowledge in translation and of course we need to know and
understand the language system prevailing in the source language. It was
intended that the information conveyed in the source language remains intact
despite significant has been translated into different languages.
REFFERENCES
